8/16/2023 0 Comments Boundary demarcation![]() Trees other than hedgerows also contribute to shaping regionally unique agricultural landscapes, and the socio-economic and ecological importance of these trees has been evaluated in various countries. Because of their historical value, the management, removal, and introduction of hedgerows has been regulated by the government. The plant compositional characteristics of British hedgerows were intensively surveyed on a national scale. The associations of plant composition and site types have been evaluated using multi-faceted information from archaeological features, written records (e.g., old census data), maps, photographs, plant distribution data, testimony of older people, and historical information on the origin of plants and chronological transformation of hedgerows. ![]() The dynamic history of European hedgerows has been well-documented. Nonetheless, exploring the dynamics of non-crop vegetation under human influence is important to add heritage value, and motivate their conservation. However, the need for cross-disciplinary evaluation of information that is dispersed in various media and places has hindered research progress. To reconstruct the vegetation history, various types of evidence are available, for example, archaeological and botanical remains, literary records, old maps and photographs, written descriptions, and oral history. For example, recent research on the Amazonian landscape has suggested that the dynamics of plant use histories by ancient human groups determined current biodiversity patterns. Renes expressed the concern that the history of these types of vegetation is often mischaracterized as being uniform. The aesthetic beauty of these kinds of vegetation is another important aspect contributing to improving people’s well-being. One important element supporting mosaics is a variety of vegetation maintained under human influence, including sacred groves, hedgerows, isolated trees, and farmlands under extensive management. Mosaics of land uses in agricultural landscapes conserve biodiversity. A better understanding of the dynamic transformation of vegetation under human influence adds to the historical heritage value of the landscape and should motivate its conservation. ConclusionsĬhronologically dynamic anthropogenic legacies have shaped the present agricultural landscape with different demarcation tree species. Results from the map-based analysis and interviews clarified the recent increase in the use of Euonymus japonicus Thunb. Tea ( Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) and mulberry ( Morus spp.) individuals were considered as early modern or modern crop remnants. ![]() in older farmlands and its ritual use, history of upland field development in the Kanto region, and ancient demarcation use in central Japan indicate its original use may date back to the medieval (from 1185 to 1600) or ancient ritsuryo period (from the seventh century to 1185). The present dominant state of Deutzia crenata Siebold et Zucc. Has been planted since the mid-eighteenth century, its planting seems to have accelerated as communal forests were divided mainly in the Meiji period (from 1868 to 1912). In contrast, smaller trees were planted for demarcation in small-scale areas of forests and farmlands. The demarcation plants in vast communal lands and village boundaries in the early modern period were mostly visually prominent tall trees, usually pines. In addition, we conducted interviews with 48 farmers, most of whom were over 60 years old. The association between the present distribution of 1486 individuals of six demarcation tree species and past land use in the RSM were analyzed with Fisher’s exact test and residual analysis. We reviewed 39 documents on land disputes to examine the temporal and spatial usage of demarcation tree species in the early modern period. In this study, we examined the history of demarcation trees in Ibaraki Prefecture in eastern Japan by using land dispute records mainly from the early modern period (from 1600 to 1868), the Rapid Survey Map (RSM) drawn in the late nineteenth century, demarcation tree records from 2011, and interviews of the local residents. Isolated trees are often planted in agricultural landscapes around the world, but their planting background often remains unclear.
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